Cambodians Told Khmer Rouge Security Camps Designed to Kill

By Luke Hunt
Voice of America
Phnom Penh
23 April 2009

In Cambodia, the trial of one of Pol Pot's surviving henchmen has been told how security camps designed by the Khmer Rouge and operating as early as 1971 were designed from the outset to torture and kill.

More than 200 villagers who lived around camp M13 attended the court to hear evidence from Kaing Guek Eav, known as Duch, on how their district was used as a prototype for death camps that would later be constructed by the Khmer Rouge.
MI3 was built in a communist-controlled area in 1971 while the Khmer Rouge were still fighting the U.S.-backed Lon Nol government. Four years later Pol Pot and his ultra-Maosists came to power and established 196 death camps across the country, including the dreaded S21.

Duch initially ran M13, and is on trial for crimes against humanity after overseeing the extermination of more than 16,000 people while at the helm of S21 between 1975 and 1979.

Seventy-year-old Khai Sorn lived near M13, but as a result life was tough and her days on the family farm were numbered.

She says during the Pol Pot regime life was very hard because the people were not allowed to stay at home and she was forced to live in the jungle.

Duch described the camps as a security office. He said each one, including S21 and M13 had a duty to detain, to torture, to interrogate, and finally to smash and kill.

Tribunal spokesperson Helen Jarvis said the villagers were trucked in as part of broader attempts to open the legal process to the public and the victims of Khmer Rouge regime. But she says they may have gotten more than they bargained for.

"... that has to be shocking for anybody," Jarvis said. "Indeed, I think the villagers probably did not expect they would hear something quite that straight forward when they arrived here today."

About two million people, or a third of Cambodia's population, died under the Khmer Rouge. But ongoing conflicts and international politics meant efforts to find some kind of justice were delayed until earlier this year.

Duch is the first senior Khmer Rouge figure to face trial. He is the only one of five in custody to acknowledge responsibility for his actions. The others are likely to be tried in the next year or two.

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Cambodians Told Khmer Rouge Security Camps Designed to Kill

By Luke Hunt
Voice of America
Phnom Penh
23 April 2009

In Cambodia, the trial of one of Pol Pot's surviving henchmen has been told how security camps designed by the Khmer Rouge and operating as early as 1971 were designed from the outset to torture and kill.

More than 200 villagers who lived around camp M13 attended the court to hear evidence from Kaing Guek Eav, known as Duch, on how their district was used as a prototype for death camps that would later be constructed by the Khmer Rouge.
MI3 was built in a communist-controlled area in 1971 while the Khmer Rouge were still fighting the U.S.-backed Lon Nol government. Four years later Pol Pot and his ultra-Maosists came to power and established 196 death camps across the country, including the dreaded S21.

Duch initially ran M13, and is on trial for crimes against humanity after overseeing the extermination of more than 16,000 people while at the helm of S21 between 1975 and 1979.

Seventy-year-old Khai Sorn lived near M13, but as a result life was tough and her days on the family farm were numbered.

She says during the Pol Pot regime life was very hard because the people were not allowed to stay at home and she was forced to live in the jungle.

Duch described the camps as a security office. He said each one, including S21 and M13 had a duty to detain, to torture, to interrogate, and finally to smash and kill.

Tribunal spokesperson Helen Jarvis said the villagers were trucked in as part of broader attempts to open the legal process to the public and the victims of Khmer Rouge regime. But she says they may have gotten more than they bargained for.

"... that has to be shocking for anybody," Jarvis said. "Indeed, I think the villagers probably did not expect they would hear something quite that straight forward when they arrived here today."

About two million people, or a third of Cambodia's population, died under the Khmer Rouge. But ongoing conflicts and international politics meant efforts to find some kind of justice were delayed until earlier this year.

Duch is the first senior Khmer Rouge figure to face trial. He is the only one of five in custody to acknowledge responsibility for his actions. The others are likely to be tried in the next year or two.

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Duch Outlines Role at Tuol Sleng

By Kong Sothanarith, VOA Khmer
Original report from Phnom Penh
23 April 2009

In response to Khmer Rouge tribunal judges Thursday, jailed prison chief Duch outlined his role at Tuol Sleng, the chief torture center for the regime, claiming he was in charge of verifying confessions of inmates and investigating enemies of Angkar, the Organization, based on the confessions.
“As I was director, I had an important role, and in this hierarchy was deeply rooted in criminality” compared to other prisons, he said.

Prosecutors say more than 12,000 Cambodians were forced into confessions through torture before being sent to their deaths at Tuol Sleng.

Duch’s testimony on Thursday highlighted his other roles at the prison, giving a picture of how the regime turned in on itself and became a killing machine.

“And then, the records of confession that I submitted to [superiors] would have to have links with several people” not yet arrested, or allow for the arrests of new people, he said. “We made links to people who had been in liberty.”

“All reports and confessions of victims obtained through torture, I underlined and submitted to my chief,” he said, referring to Son Sen, the head of the Khmer Rouge secret police.

Duch, 66, who is facing atrocity crimes charges for his role as chief of Tuol Sleng, known to the Khmer Rouge as S-21, was appointed in March 1976 to run the site.

He told judges he was also in charge of training young cadre in the interrogation of prisoners.

“My men who had the proper mind, we educated them and made them decisive in torturing and decisive in interrogation,” he said. “This was my job.”

All Khmer Rouge prisons had a role to detain, torture, interrogate and “to destroy” people, he said.

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Tribunal Breakdown Puts Onus on Donors: UN

By Sok Khemara, VOA Khmer
Original report from Washington
23 April 2009

The failure between UN and Cambodian negotiators to find a method to address corruption at the Khmer Rouge tribunal will mean funding decisions are left up to donors, a senior UN official told VOA Khmer.

The breakdown, after four months of talks, over whether complainants had a real choice to submit complaints, has put further funding for the cash-strapped Cambodian side of the court on uncertain ground.
The UN has argued that anonymity is essential to ensure allegations come to light. The Cambodian side has said complainants should be named, to ensure fairness and legitimacy.

But speaking to VOA Khmer in an exclusive interview, UN negotiator Peter Taksoe-Jensen, who is the Assistant Secretary-General of Legal Affairs, said the final decision over fairness was now in the hands of the donors.

“This is an issue for the donors,” he said. “I know they have been looking to the UN and the government of Cambodia to agree on a mechanism that could put the issue of corruption, or the allegations of corruption, behind us. And now we didn’t succeed in doing that, and therefore the UN has tried to address the issue unilaterally.”

Taksoe-Jensen traveled to Cambodia three times seeking to put to rest concerns over corruption that have made some donors balk at funding the Cambodian side of the court, which is now facing a budget crisis.

Prior to leaving Cambodia earlier this month, having failed to reach an agreement with his counterpart, Council Minister Sok An, Taksoe-Jensen said in a statement the UN would continue to handle complaints, through its own offices.

The UN had sought what it considered a transparent, credible method for addressing kickback allegations—which tribunal officials have repeatedly dismissed—but the Cambodian side argued that the UN sought to undermine national sovereignty.

“There was one outstanding issue that we couldn’t agree on, which was the question of what I have called ‘freedom of choice’ for all staff members of court… where they maintain freedom of choice to complain to whom they want to complain to,” Taksoe-Jensen told VOA Khmer Thursday.

Each side now understood the other’s position, he said. “So we have done a lot of good work, and there is only a little issue that separates us now,” he said. “And I hope and believe that can be dealt with. So we can agree very soon.”

Cambodian officials have said the two sides need not agree further than a February arrangement of a “parallel” system of complaints, where those on the UN side of the hybrid court complain through UN channels, and those on the national side complain through government channels.

Cambodian negotiators argue that this method will be satisfactory for donors.

However, some questions over donor funding remain. Earlier this week, the UNDP declined to release $456,000 in Australian funding for the Cambodian side of the court, saying in a statement it would not do so until questions of corruption were properly addressed.

So the Cambodian side of the court, which could only pay staff salaries in March with an emergency, bilateral infusion from Japan, remains under-funded, even as the tribunal’s first trial, of prison chief Duch, got fully underway.

In fact, neither side wants full transparency, said Peter Maguire, a US professor of law and war, and the only real pressure for full disclosure is coming from the non-governmental sector.

Following staff allegations of kickbacks last year, the UN investigated, but the results of that investigation have never been made public.

None of that bodes well for future trials, Maguire said.

“I think that basically the Cambodian government would like this trial to end after Duch’s case, and I think that everything is sort of leading in that direction,” he said. “I don’t know that they could successfully try other defendants in their lifetimes.”

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Cambodians in US Following Duch Trial

By Cheoung Pochin, VOA Khmer
Original report from Washington
23 April 2009

As the trial for jailed Khmer Rouge prison chief Duch gets fully underway, Cambodians living in the US say that even though they are far away, they are watching closely.

Far away from their homeland, and busy with businesses and making a living, Cambodian-Americans say they are watching the trial on television, listening to the radio or reading online.
They are anxious for news about Duch, who, at 66, is facing atrocity crimes charges for his role as the administrator of Tuol Sleng prison, were prosecutors say more than 12,000 Cambodians were tortured and sent to their deaths.

Although he was born in the United States, Jimmy Srun, a 25-year-old graduate student at Johns Hopkins University, said he paid close attention to the trial, given that his parents and other relatives suffered under the regime, which led to the deaths as many as 2 million Cambodians.

The “cruelty” of Tuol Sleng, the prison known to the Khmer Rouge as S-21, has become familiar to him through newspapers, television and radio, he told VOA Khmer.

“I’m very interested in the Khmer Rouge trial,” he said. “I’m very busy with my studies; however, I follow the news.”

Duch, a revolutionary moniker for Kaing Kek Iev, is one of five former Khmer Rouge leaders under indictment at the Khmer Rouge tribunal. His is the first trial to be conducted for the UN-backed tribunal, which was established in 2006 after a decade of negotiations between the UN and government.

The former math teacher has admitted responsibility for ordering the tortured confessions of thousands—through electric shock, waterboarding and beatings—and has sought forgiveness from victims and their families.

From abroad, Cambodian-Americans say they are happy he is on trial, but they worry about the fairness of the tribunal, which has been plagued by allegations from Cambodian staff members that they’ve had to pay kickbacks to keep their positions.

And they say they are worried the other, older leaders—chief ideologue Nuon Chea, head of state Khieu Samphan, foreign minister Ieng Sary, and social affairs minister Ieng Thirith—may not live to see trial.


“Duch is a junior Khmer Rouge official,” said Kim Tung, president of an organization called Cambodian-Americans for Human Rights and Democracy. “I want to know more about the senior Khmer Rouge officials.”

He has followed the trial via newspapers and the Internet, he said, and he worries that political considerations may color the remaining proceedings.

Cambodian prosecutor Chea Leang has come under criticism for her objection to indict more leaders, citing concerns over political stability in the country—a non-judicial argument, critics charge.

All those in custody at the tribunal should be tried before they grow too old, or die before seeing their days in court, Kim Tung said.

Sama Thida, a student at American University, in Washington, said that even though she is far from Cambodia and was born after the Khmer Rouge fell from power, in 1979, she has heard tales form her parents of the regime and visited the former site of Tuol Sleng, which is now a museum.

The question of fairness worries her, she said.

“For me, trials of people who have committed crimes are very good things,” she said. “I am happy with the trial, but I am very concerned whether the trial is fair. Will they try the others, or only Duch?”

For some, trials for only five leaders are not enough. Duch may have overseen the death of thousands, but others, collectively, incurred the deaths of millions, nearly a quarter of the Cambodian population at the time.

“If we have the funding, we should continue to try more people, because people with blood on their hands still walk free,” Vibol Tan, a survivor of the regime. “Five people are still not enough. We should try more.”

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Cambodians Told Khmer Rouge Security Camps Designed to Kill

By Luke Hunt
Voice of America
Phnom Penh
23 April 2009

In Cambodia, the trial of one of Pol Pot's surviving henchmen has been told how security camps designed by the Khmer Rouge and operating as early as 1971 were designed from the outset to torture and kill.

More than 200 villagers who lived around camp M13 attended the court to hear evidence from Kaing Guek Eav, known as Duch, on how their district was used as a prototype for death camps that would later be constructed by the Khmer Rouge.
MI3 was built in a communist-controlled area in 1971 while the Khmer Rouge were still fighting the U.S.-backed Lon Nol government. Four years later Pol Pot and his ultra-Maosists came to power and established 196 death camps across the country, including the dreaded S21.

Duch initially ran M13, and is on trial for crimes against humanity after overseeing the extermination of more than 16,000 people while at the helm of S21 between 1975 and 1979.

Seventy-year-old Khai Sorn lived near M13, but as a result life was tough and her days on the family farm were numbered.

She says during the Pol Pot regime life was very hard because the people were not allowed to stay at home and she was forced to live in the jungle.

Duch described the camps as a security office. He said each one, including S21 and M13 had a duty to detain, to torture, to interrogate, and finally to smash and kill.

Tribunal spokesperson Helen Jarvis said the villagers were trucked in as part of broader attempts to open the legal process to the public and the victims of Khmer Rouge regime. But she says they may have gotten more than they bargained for.

"... that has to be shocking for anybody," Jarvis said. "Indeed, I think the villagers probably did not expect they would hear something quite that straight forward when they arrived here today."

About two million people, or a third of Cambodia's population, died under the Khmer Rouge. But ongoing conflicts and international politics meant efforts to find some kind of justice were delayed until earlier this year.

Duch is the first senior Khmer Rouge figure to face trial. He is the only one of five in custody to acknowledge responsibility for his actions. The others are likely to be tried in the next year or two.

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Border Group Seeks $9 Million From Thais

By Chun Sakada, VOA Khmer
Original report from Phnom Penh
23 April 2009

Moeung Son, the chairman of the Khmer Civilization Foundation, requested $9.2 million in compensation from the Thai government for the destruction of Cambodian property near Preah Vihear temple during cross-border fighting earlier this month.
Skirmishes between Thai and Cambodian security forces April 3 led to the deaths of at least two Thai soldiers and the destruction under mortar fire of a Cambodian market and houses of 261 families.

Moeung Son told reporters at a press conference he had taken up a thumb-print petition over the weekend, of families that lost their homes in the fighting, which he used to file a complaint through the Thai Embassy Thursday morning.

“The Thai government must be completely responsible for all the destruction of people’s property because of the fighting,” Moeung Son said. “We must struggle to demand compensation from the Thai government for the destruction of property, the loss of jobs and psychological suffering.”

Council of Ministers spokesman Phay Siphan said the request was “very important” in demanding the Thais take responsibility for the damages.

“It shows the civil society’s duty to protect the Cambodian people and the country’s interest,” he said.

The government has collected evidence of the destruction in the April fighting and has sent some documentation to the Thai government already, he said.

Thai Embassy officials could not be reached for comment.

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KR momentos up for sale likely fake, officials insist

Nhem En with his cameras and Pol Pot's purported sandals in Siem Reap. (Photo by: KYLE SHERER)

Thursday, 23 April 2009
Written by Sam Rith
The Phnom Penh Post

Former Tuol Sleng photographer Nhem En is trying to sell what he says are Pol Pot's sandals, Tuol Sleng cameras.

GOVERNMENT officials and members of civil society have expressed doubt over the authenticity of sandals supposedly worn by Pol Pot and a pair of cameras that former Khmer Rouge photographer Nhem En says come from Tuol Sleng prison.
On Sunday, Nhem En said he wanted national and international companies to bid on the shoes, made from tyre rubber, and cameras at a starting price of US$500,000, even though outside sources have not confirmed their provenance.

Youk Chhang, the director of the Documentation Centre of Cambodia, said it would be difficult to determine if the sandals were actually worn by Pol Pot, for the simple reason that many sandals look the same.

Nhem En was unable to provide the Post with any evidence that the shoes were Pol Pot's or that his cameras had come from the infamous torture centre.

But he disagreed with Youk Chhang, saying that their authenticity could be proven "with modern technology".

The former Tuol Sleng guard who photographed prisoners said he received the shoes in 2000 from General Khim Tean, a former Khmer Rouge army commander, and that he had personally brought the cameras from Tuol Sleng to his father's house in 1977. Many, however, remain sceptical.

"I do not believe [the shoes and cameras] are real, because I have not seen them yet," said Culture Minister Him Chhem.

Pen Samitthy, president of the Club of Cambodian Journalists and editor-in-chief of Rasmey Kampuchea, turned down Nhem En's request to hold a press conference announcing the sale. Nhem En said he will hold his own press conference on Friday in Siem Reap.

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With looming evictions, families haunted by an uncertain future

Suon Davy, who has HIV, stands by her home in Borei Kelia. She worries how she will survive at a relocation site far from the city. (Photo by: CHRISTOPHER SHAY)

Thursday, 23 April 2009
Written by May Thittara And Christopher Shay
The Phnom Penh Post

"We are so sad.... now they will move us again to a faraway place."

Hundreds of families across Phnom Penh say they will be forcibly relocated soon, and unanswered questions about their future have left many frightened and depressed.

MORE than 228 Phnom Penh families whose homes were burned down in a suspected arson near Sovanna Market on the night of April 15 say they are not being allowed to rebuild their homes - a clear sign, they say, the city will be kicking them off their land.

These families are not alone in their predicament. At least 37 families living near the Lycee Francais Rene Descartes, 32 families in the Borei Keila community, 219 families in the Rik Reay community and 475 families in Trapaing Chhook village in Russey Keo district all say their evictions are imminent.

The nearly 1,000 families facing eviction in these areas represents only a fraction of the total number, a local rights group says.

Since 2004, Cambodia has evicted 15,000 families, said Ouch Leng, an investigator at rights group Adhoc.

Community members from each of the five villages say the uncertainty of their future has left their communities dejected and frightened.

"We are so sad because they have moved us three times already, and now they will move us again to a faraway place," said Penh Sim, the deputy chief of the community in Borei Keila where at least one person in every family requires anti-retroviral treatment for HIV/AIDS.
Sok Chenda, 54, who expects to be forced off her land near the Lycee Francais Rene Descartes in the next few days, said, "I am really worried about the situation at the new place because we don't know about the conditions of the land."

Many villagers facing eviction say they are willing to start over but only if they can be sure they will be safe, healthy and able to make a living in their new location. In Tomnup Toek commune near the Sovanna Market, even some residents who have lived there since 1996 said they would be happy to move under the right conditions.

So Vor, 37, estimated "70 percent of residents would volunteer to move if the authorities gave them a new place with a house".

Residents admit that the living conditions in some of these communities are bad. The area of Borei Keila with the HIV-affected community, for example, periodically floods with over 40 centimetres of polluted water, say villagers.

But at the moment, no one is sure their new homes will be any better.

In a similar case to last week's fire, the day before Khmer New Year in 2008, a fire destroyed an entire community in Russey Keo district. After moving to nearby Trapaing Chhook - a makeshift ghetto of shelters made from rubbish and leftover construction material - the community remains in limbo.

"What will they do for us?" Sour Menhour of Trapaing Chhook village asked.

"I want to ask permission from the authority to construct real houses. We cannot wait any longer because it is hard to live here during the rainy season," he said.

Chan Bunthol, a former high school teacher from Rik Reay community, said he lost his job as a result of the eviction process. He refused to leave home, fearing the development company would destroy it if he left.

Ouch Leng said when the Rik Reay community is moved, they will still face uncertainty, because they will continue to "live under the threat of eviction at the new site".

Mann Chhoeun, the deputy governor of the Phnom Penh Municipality, defended the city's relocation process, saying, "The city has succeeded so far in relocating people to the outskirts of the city, and [as a result] people have changed from drinkers to good men, from poor to rich and from homeless to homeowners with land titles."

The deputy governor said the city has relocated 43 communities and that all of them have good infrastructure and clean water.

But Sour Menghour from Trapaing Chhook says he has heard government assurances before and been disappointed.

"They promised us they would construct a new and wide road, drainage systems and divide the land for each family, but the government has so far kept quiet," he said.

Suon Davy, 41, who suffers from HIV and lives in Borei Keila, said that her community will be moved to Tuol Sambo village in Dangkor district and that it is worse than the squalid conditions she currently lives in.

"How can we live? It is about 25 kilometres from the city, doesn't have clean water, floods and lacks electricity," she asked.

In these communities, the uncertainty of relocation has left many constantly worrying about what comes next.

"We always think about our struggles in the future," Touch Yeum, the village chief of the community near the Lycee Francais Rene Descartes, said, echoing the fears of hundreds of Cambodians in similar circumstances.

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Khmer Rouge jailer says ordered to "smash" prisoners

Pictured is a live feed of former Khmer Rouge chief torturer Kaing Guek Eav, also known as Duch, during his trial on the outskirts of Phnom Penh April 1, 2009. (REUTERS/Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia)

Thu Apr 23, 2009
By Ek Madra

PHNOM PENH (Reuters) - Pol Pot's chief jailer told a U.N.-backed tribunal on Thursday thousands of Cambodians were tortured and killed at his notorious S-21 prison under orders from the top Khmer Rouge leadership.
Duch, the first of five Pol Pot cadres to face trial for the 1975-79 reign of terror in which 1.7 million Cambodians died, said the fate of S-21's prisoners was sealed at a meeting of the top leadership chaired by "Brother Number One" Pol Pot.

"The principle was that whoever was arrested and interrogated had to be smashed. That meant be killed," Duch said, quoting from what he said were minutes from the October 9, 1975 meeting.

The 66-year-old former maths teacher, whose real name is Kaing Guek Eav, was chief of the prison also known as Tuol Sleng where more than 14,000 enemies of the revolution were tortured and killed.

With no death penalty in Cambodia, Duch faces life in prison if convicted by the joint U.N.-Cambodian tribunal on charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, torture and homicide.

Duch, who became a born-again Christian years after the Khmer Rouge were ousted by a Vietnamese invasion, has accepted blame for the deaths at S-21 but said he was only following orders.

Duch described on Thursday how S-21 was structured. He reported to then Defense Minister Son Sen, who was killed in 1997 under orders from Pol Pot, who died the following year.

"Pol Pot initiated the policy and Son Sen was there to implement it," Duch said.

Most of the S-21 victims were tortured and forced to confess to spying and other crimes before they were bludgeoned to death in the "Killing Fields" outside the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh.

Duch said he forwarded interrogation reports up the chain of command to Son Sen, and later "Brother Number Two" Nuon Chea after he replaced Son Sen as Duch's supervisor.

Nuon Chea and the other cadres to face trial -- former president Khieu Samphan, ex-foreign minister Ieng Sary and his wife -- have denied knowledge of any atrocities.

Duch's trial, which began in earnest last month, is expected to run until July

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